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Litokomane & Media

Maemo a Tikoloho le Liantle

Sebaka sa liheke tse hlophisitsoeng hantle

Atšimo-programmable heke array(FPGA) kepotoloho e kopanetsoenge etselitsoeng ho hlophisoa ke moreki kapa moqapi ka mor'a tlhahiso - ke ka hona poleloanamasimong-programmable.Tlhophiso ea FPGA hangata e hlalosoa ho sebelisoa ahardware tlhaloso puo(HDL), e ts'oanang le e sebelisoang bakeng sasesebelisoa se khethehileng se kopantseng potoloho(ASIC).Litšoantšo tsa potolohopele li ne li sebelisetsoa ho hlalosa tlhophiso, empa sena se ntse se eketseha ka seoelo ka lebaka la ho fihla haelektroniki moralo othomathikilisebelisoa.

Li-FPGA li na le mefuta e mengata eaporokerama liboloko tsa kelello, le sehlopha sa lihokelo tse lokisehang hape tse lumellang hore li-blocks li hoketsoe hammoho.Li-blocks tsa logic li ka hlophisoa hore li sebetse ka thatamesebetsi e kopaneng, kapa etsa lintho tse bonololiheke tsa logicjoalo kaLEleXOR.Ho li-FPGA tse ngata, li-block blocks le tsona li kenyelletsalikarolo tsa mohopolo, e ka bang bonolomeqathatsokapa diboloko tse felletseng tsa memori.^[1]Li-FPGA tse ngata li ka hlophisoa bocha hore li kenye tšebetsong tse fapanengmesebetsi ea kelello, ho lumella ho tenyetsehakhomphutha e lokisehang bochajoalo ka ha e etsoa kasoftware ea komporo.

Li-FPGA li na le karolo e makatsang hosistimi e kentsoengnts'etsopele ka lebaka la bokhoni ba bona ba ho qala nts'etsopele ea software ea sistimi ka nako e le 'ngoe le Hardware, e nolofalletsa lipapiso tsa ts'ebetso ea sistimi qalong haholo ea nts'etsopele, le ho lumella liteko tse fapaneng tsa sistimi le ho pheta-pheta moralo pele ho phethela moralo oa sistimi.^[2]

Nalane[edita]

Indasteri ea FPGA e hlahile ho tloha homemori e balehang feela(PROM) lelisebelisoa tsa logic tse hlophisehang(li-PLD).Li-PROM le li-PLD ka bobeli li ne li e-na le boikhethelo ba ho hlophisoa ka lihlopha fekthering kapa tšimong (le-field-programmable).^[3]

AlteraE thehiloe ka 1983 mme ea fana ka sesebelisoa sa pele sa indasteri se ka lokisoang bocha ka 1984 - EP300 - se neng se e-na le fensetere ea quartz ka har'a sephutheloana se neng se lumella basebelisi ho khantša lebone la ultra-violet holim'a lefi ho hlakolaEPROMlisele tse ts'oereng phetisetso ea sesebelisoa.^[4]

Xilinxe hlahisitse tšimoloho ea pele e ka sebelisoang khoebongmokoloko oa lihekeka 1985^[3]Setšoantšo sa XC2064.^[5]XC2064 e ne e e-na le liheke tse lokiselitsoeng le lihokelo tse lokiselitsoeng lipakeng tsa liheke, qaleho ea theknoloji e ncha le 'maraka.^[6]XC2064 e ne e na le 64 configurable logic blocks (CLBs), e nang le lintlha tse peli tse tharolitafole tsa ho sheba(LUTs).^[7]

Ka 1987, sehlopha saSetsi sa Ntoa ea Sesole sa Metsinge tšehelitse ka lichelete teko e entsoeng ke Steve Casselman ea ho hlahisa k'homphieutha e tla kenya ts'ebetsong liheke tse 600,000 tse ka sebelisoang hape.Casselman o atlehile mme patent e amanang le sistimi e ile ea fanoa ka 1992.^[3]

Altera le Xilinx li ile tsa tsoela pele li sa hanyetsoe 'me tsa hola ka potlako ho tloha ka 1985 ho fihlela bohareng ba bo-1990 ha bahlolisani ba ne ba hlaha, ba senya karolo e kholo ea karolo ea bona ea mmaraka.Ka 1993, Actel (hona joaleMicrosemi) e ne e sebeletsa hoo e ka bang karolo ea 18 lekholong ea 'maraka.^[6]

Lilemo tsa bo-1990 e ne e le nako ea kholo e potlakileng ea li-FPGA, ka bobeli ho rarahano ea potoloho le boholo ba tlhahiso.Mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1990, li-FPGA li ne li sebelisoa haholo homehala ea puisanolemarangrang.Qetellong ea lilemo tse leshome, li-FPGA li ile tsa fumana mokhoa oa tsona oa ho sebelisa bareki, likoloi le indasteri.^[8]

Ka 2013, Altera (liperesente tse 31), Actel (liperesente tse 10) le Xilinx (liperesente tse 36) hammoho li emetse liperesente tse 77 tsa 'maraka oa FPGA.^[9]

Likhamphani tse kang Microsoft li se li qalile ho sebelisa li-FPGA ho potlakisa ts'ebetso e phahameng, e matla haholo (joalo kalitsi tsa datatse sebetsang tsa tsonaEnjine ea ho batla ea Bing), ka lebaka latshebetso ka wattmolemo FPGAs fana.^[10]Microsoft e qalile ho sebelisa li-FPGA hopotlakisaBing ka 2014, 'me ka 2018 e ile ea qala ho romela li-FPGA ho pholletsa le mesebetsi e meng ea setsi sa data bakeng sa bona.Azure cloud computingsethala.^[11]

Linako tse latelang li bontša tsoelo-pele likarolong tse fapaneng tsa moralo oa FPGA:

Liheke

• 1987: liheke tse 9 000, Xilinx^[6]
• 1992: 600 000, Lefapha la Ntoa ea Sesole sa Metsing^[3]
• Mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-2000: limilione^[8]
• 2013: limilione tse 50, Xilinx^[12]

Boholo ba 'maraka

• 1985: FPGA ea pele ea khoebo : Xilinx XC2064^[5][6]
• 1987: liranta tse limilione tse 14^[6]
• c.1993: > liranta tse limilione tse 385^{[6][netefatso e hlolehileng]}
• 2005: $ 1.9 limilione tse likete^[13]
• Likhakanyo tsa 2010: $ 2.75 limilione tse likete^[13]
• 2013: $ 5.4 limilione tse likete^[14]
• Khakanyo ea 2020: $ 9.8 limilione tse likete^[14]

Moralo oa qala

Aqalo ea moraloke moralo o mocha oa tloaelo bakeng sa ts'ebetsong ho FPGA.

• 2005: 80 000^[15]
• 2008: 90 000^[16]

Moralo[edita]

Li-FPGA tsa mehleng ena li na le lisebelisoa tse kholo tsaliheke tsa logicle li-block tsa RAM ho kenya tšebetsong lipalo tse rarahaneng tsa dijithale.Joalo ka ha meralo ea FPGA e sebelisa litefiso tsa I/O tse potlakileng haholo le lintlha tse fapanenglibese, e ba phephetso ho netefatsa nako e nepahetseng ea data e nepahetseng nakong ea ho seta le ho boloka nako.

Ho rera fatšee thusa kabo ea lisebelisoa ka har'a li-FPGA ho kopana le mathata ana a nako.Li-FPGA li ka sebelisoa ho kenya tšebetsong ts'ebetso efe kapa efe e utloahalang eo eASICka phetha.Bokhoni ba ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ka mor'a ho romelloa,tlhophiso e sa fellangya karolo ya moetso^[17]le litšenyehelo tse tlase tsa boenjiniere tse sa ipheteng tse amanang le moralo oa ASIC (ho sa tsotelehe litšenyehelo tse phahameng ka kakaretso), li fana ka melemo bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse ngata.^[1]

Li-FPGA tse ling li na le likarolo tsa analog ho kenyelletsa mesebetsi ea dijithale.Ntho e tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa ea analog ke lenaneo le ka sebelisoangsekhahla sa polaopineng e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea tlhahiso, e lumellang moenjiniere ho beha litefiso tse tlase holim'a lithakhisa tse laetsoeng hanyenyane tse neng li ka be li sa etse joaloselikalikoekapabanyalanika mokhoa o sa amoheleheng, le ho beha litefello tse phahameng holim'a lithakhisa tse tlatsitsoeng haholo likanaleng tsa lebelo le phahameng tse neng li ka tsamaea butle haholo.^[18][19]Hape tse tloaelehileng ke quartz-li-oscillators tsa kristale, on-chip resistance-capacitance oscillators, leloops e notletsoeng ka mohatoe kenyellelitsoengli-oscillator tse laoloang ke motlakasee sebelisetsoang ho hlahisa lioache le tsamaiso hammoho le bakeng sa lebelo le phahameng la serializer-deserializer (SERDES) e fetisetsa lioache le ho hlaphoheloa ha nako ea ho amohela.Tse tloaelehileng haholo li fapanebapisanyiholim'a lithakhisa tse etselitsoeng ho hokahanapontsho e fapanengdikanale.Tse 'maloa"sesupo se tsoakiloengLi-FPGA" li na le peripheral e kopanengli-converter tsa analog-to-digital(ADCs) leli-converter tsa digital-to-analog(DACs) e nang le li-block tsa boemo ba analog tse ba lumellang ho sebetsa joalo katsamaiso-on-a-chip(SoC).^[20]Lisebelisoa tse joalo li fifatsa moeli pakeng tsa FPGA, e nang le tsa dijithale le zero holim'a lesela la eona la ka hare le lokiselitsoeng, lemefuta e fapaneng ea analoge ea masimong(FPAA), e nang le boleng ba analoge leselang la eona la ka hare le lokiselitsoeng.