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I. Chep ke eng

Chip, eo hape e tsejoang e le microcircuit, microchip, or integrated circuit (IC), ke silicon chip e nang le potoloho e kopantsoeng, hangata e nyenyane ka boholo 'me hangata e le karolo ea k'homphieutha kapa lisebelisoa tse ling tsa elektroniki.

Chip ke lentsoe le akaretsang bakeng sa sehlahisoa sa semiconductor, se tsamaisang potoloho e kopaneng, e entsoeng ka li-wafers.

Wafer ke karoloana e nyane haholo ea silicon e nang le potoloho e kopaneng eo e leng karolo ea komporo kapa sesebelisoa se seng sa elektroniki.

II.Semiconductor ke eng

Semiconductor ke thepa e nang le thepa ea conductive lipakeng tsa conductor le insulator mocheso oa kamore.Ka mohlala, diode ke sesebelisoa se entsoeng ka semiconductor.Semiconductor ke thepa eo motlakase oa eona o ka laoloang 'me o ka tloha ho insulator ho ea ho conductor.

Bohlokoa ba li-semiconductors bo boholo haholo, ho latela theknoloji le nts'etsopele ea moruo.Boholo ba lihlahisoa tsa kajeno tsa elektronike, tse kang lik'homphieutha, lithelefono tsa cellular le lirekoto tsa digital, li na le likarolo tsa tsona tsa mantlha tse amanang haufi-ufi le li-semiconductors.

Lisebelisoa tse tloaelehileng tsa semiconductor li kenyelletsa silicon, germanium, le gallium arsenide, ha silicon e le eona e nang le tšusumetso e kholo khoebong ea thepa e fapaneng ea semiconductor.

Matter e teng ka mefuta e fapaneng - solid, liquid, gas, plasma, joalo-joalo. Hangata re bua ka lisebelisoa tse nang le motlakase o fokolang, joalo ka mashala, likristale tsa maiketsetso, amber, le ceramics, e le li-insulators.

'Me litšepe tse tsamaisang haholoanyane joalo ka khauta, silevera, koporo, tšepe, thini, aluminium, joalo-joalo li bitsoa li-conductor.Lisebelisoa tse oelang pakeng tsa li-conductor le li-insulators li ka bitsoa feela li-semiconductors.

III.Potoloho e kopaneng ke eng

Potoloho e kopantsoeng (IC) ke sesebelisoa se senyenyane sa elektroniki kapa karolo.

Ho sebelisoa ts'ebetso e itseng, li-transistors, li-resistors, capacitor le li-inductors tse hlokahalang potolohong le lithapo li hokahanngoa hammoho, li entsoe ka sekotoana se senyenyane kapa likotoana tse 'maloa tsa liphaephe tsa semiconductor kapa li-dielectric substrates, ebe li kenngoa ka har'a khetla ea tube, e fetoha microstructure e nang le mosebetsi o hlokahalang oa potoloho.

Likarolo tsohle tse ho eona li entsoe ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng ka kakaretso, ho etsa hore likarolo tsa elektronike e be mohato o moholo o lebisang ho miniaturization, tšebeliso e tlaase ea matla, bohlale le botšepehi bo phahameng.E emeloa ka potoloho ka litlhaku "IC".

Baqapi ba li-circuits tse kopantsoeng e ne e le Jack Kilby (li-circuits tse kopantsoeng tse thehiloeng ho germanium (Ge)) le Robert Noyes (li-circuits tse kopantsoeng tse thehiloeng holim'a silicon (Si)).Boholo ba lits'ebetso indastering ea semiconductor kajeno ke li-circuits tse kopaneng tsa silicon.

Potoloho e kopaneng ke mofuta o mocha oa sesebelisoa sa semiconductor se ileng sa ntlafatsoa ho elella bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1950 le bo-1960.

Ke ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea semiconductor joalo ka oxidation, photolithography, diffusion, epitaxy, le evaporation ea aluminium, e kopanyang li-semiconductors, resistors, capacitor, le likarolo tse ling tse hlokahalang ho theha potoloho e nang le mesebetsi e itseng le likhoele tse hokahanyang lipakeng tsa tsona kaofela. sekotoana sa silicon, ebe se chesetsoa le ho kenngoa ka har'a ntlo ea tube bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki.Ho na le mefuta e fapaneng ea likhetla tsa ho paka joalo ka likhetla tse chitja, tse bataletseng kapa tse habeli.

Theknoloji e kopantsoeng ea potoloho e kenyelletsa theknoloji ea tlhahiso ea li-chip le thekenoloji ea moralo, haholo-holo lisebelisoa tsa ho sebetsa, theknoloji ea ho sebetsa, ho paka le ho etsa liteko, tlhahiso ea bongata, le bokhoni ba ho qapa mekhoa e mecha.