01 Nalane ea kholo ea MCU
MCU, microcontroller, e na le lebitso le tsebahalang: single-chip microcomputer.
Sebaka se monate haholo ke ho tsamaisa sete ea sistimi ea mantlha ea khomphutha ho chip, ho kenyeletsoa le mofuta oa kahare oa CPU RAM ROM IO counter serial port, leha ts'ebetso e hlile e se e pharaletseng joalo ka komporo, empa e na le matla a tlase a kentsoeng. tenyetsehang, kahoo ho moreki elektronike, bongaka puisano indasteri ea Likoloi na le mefuta e fapaneng haholo ya dikopo.
E hlahile ka 1971, Intel e ile ea theha microprocessor ea pele ea lefats'e - palo ea 4004 4-bit chip, chip ena e kopanya li-transistors tse fetang 2,000, 'me Intel e boetse e qapile 4001, 4002, 4003 chips, RAM, ROM le lirejista.
Ha lihlahisoa tsena tse 'ne li qala ho rekisoa, Intel o ile a ngola papatsong e reng "Phatlalatsa mehla e mecha ea lipotoloho tse kopantsoeng: li-microcomputer tse koaletsoeng ka chip e le' ngoe."Ka nako eo, li-minicomputers le li-mainframes haholo-holo e ne e le li-processor tsa 8-bit le 16-bit, kahoo Intel haufinyane e ile ea qala 8-bit microprocessor 8008 ka 1972 ho hapa 'maraka ka potlako, ho bula mehla ea li-microcomputer tsa single-chip.
Ka 1976, Intel e ile ea hlahisa taolo ea pele ea lefats'e ea 8748 ea microcomputer, e kopanyang 8-bit CPU, 8-bit parallel I/O, 8-bit counter, RAM, ROM, joalo-joalo, e ka finyellang litlhoko tsa taolo ea indasteri ka kakaretso le. lisebelisoa, tse emetsoeng ke 8748, tse bulang ho hlahlojoa ha li-microcomputer tsa single-chip lefapheng la indasteri.
Lilemong tsa bo-1980, li-microcomputer tsa 8-bit single-chip li ile tsa qala ho hōla haholoanyane, matla a RAM le ROM a eketseha, ka kakaretso ka li-interface tsa serial, mekhoa e mengata ea li-interrupt processing systems, multiple 16-bit counters, joalo-joalo. Ka 1983, Intel e ile ea qala MCS. -96 letoto la li-microcontrollers tse phahameng tsa 16-bit, tse nang le li-transistors tse 120,000 tse kopantsoeng.
Ho tloha lilemong tsa bo-1990, microcomputer e le 'ngoe e kene sethaleng sa likolo tse lekholo tsa menahano, ka ts'ebetso, lebelo, botšepehi, ho kopanngoa ka palesa e feletseng, ho ea ka palo ea likotoana tsa libese kapa litlaleho tsa data, ho tloha ho li-bits tsa pele tsa 4. e ntlafalitsoe butle-butle, ka li-microcomputer tsa 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit le 64-bit single-chip.
Hajoale, sehlopha sa li-MCU se arotsoe haholo ka CISC le RISC, 'me meralo ea mantlha ke ARM Cortex, Intel 8051 le RISC-V.
Ho ea ka 2020 China General Microcontroller (MCU) Market Brief, lihlahisoa tsa 32-bit MCU li nka karolo ea 55% ea 'maraka, li lateloa ke lihlahisoa tsa 8-bit, tse ikarabellang bakeng sa 43%, lihlahisoa tsa 4-bit tse ikarabellang bakeng sa 2%, 16. -bit lihlahisoa tse ikarabellang bakeng sa 1%, ho ka bonoa hore lihlahisoa tse tloaelehileng 'marakeng ke 32-bit le 8-bit MCUs,' me sebaka sa 'maraka sa lihlahisoa tsa 16-bit MCU se hateletsoe ka matla.
CISC dihlahiswa sete ea litaelo e ikarabella bakeng sa 24% ea 'maraka, RISC litaelo sete dihlahiswa ikarabella bakeng sa 76% ea maraka lihlahisoa tse tloaelehileng;Lihlahisoa tsa mantlha tsa Intel 8051 li ikarabella bakeng sa 22% ea 'maraka, li lateloa ke lihlahisoa tsa ARM Cortex-M0, tse ikarabellang bakeng sa 20%, lihlahisoa tsa ARM Cortex-M3 li ikarabella bakeng sa 14%, lihlahisoa tsa ARM Cortex-M4 li ikarabella bakeng sa 12%, lihlahisoa tsa ARM Cortex-M0+. e ikarabella bakeng sa 5%, lihlahisoa tsa ARM Cortex-M23 li nka karolo ea 1%, lihlahisoa tsa mantlha tsa RISC-V li nka 1%, 'me tse ling li nka 24%.Lihlahisoa tsa ARM Cortex-M0+ li ne li etsa karolo ea 5%, lihlahisoa tsa ARM Cortex-M23 li nka karolo ea 1%, lihlahisoa tsa mantlha tsa RISC-V li nka karolo ea 1%, 'me tse ling li nka 24%.Ka kakaretso, li-cores tsa ARM Cortex li etsa 52% ea 'maraka o moholo.
Mmaraka oa MCU o 'nile oa tobana le ho theoha ho hoholo ha theko lilemong tse 20 tse fetileng, empa theko ea eona e tloaelehileng ea theko (ASP) e ntse e theoha lilemong tse hlano tse fetileng.Kamora ho ba le ho putlama ha indasteri ea likoloi, bofokoli ba moruo oa lefats'e, le koluoa ea seoa, 'maraka oa MCU o ile oa qala ho hlaphoheloa ka 2020. Ho latela IC Insights, thomello ea MCU e eketsehile ka 8% ka 2020, mme thomello eohle ea MCU ka 2021 e eketsehile 12%, tlaleho e phahameng ea 30.9 limilione tse likete, ha ASPs e boetse e phahama ka 10%, keketseho e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea lilemo tse 25.
IC Insights e lebelletse hore thomello ea MCU e fihle ho li-unit tse limilione tse likete tse 35.8 lilemong tse hlano tse tlang, ka thekiso e felletseng ea $ 27.2 billion.Ho tsena, thekiso ea 32-bit MCU e lebelletsoe ho fihla ho $ 20 limilione tse likete ka sekhahla sa kholo ea selemo le selemo sa 9.4%, 16-bit MCUs e lebelletsoe ho fihla ho $ 4.7 billion, mme 4-bit MCUs ha e lebeletsoe ho bonts'a kholo.
02 Koloi ea MCU e hlanyang
Lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tsa likoloi ke boemo bo boholo ba ts'ebeliso ea li-MCU.IC Insights e lebelletse hore thekiso ea lefats'e ka bophara ea MCU e tla hola ka 10% ho fihlela rekoto ea $ 21.5 bilione ka 2022, 'me li-MCU tsa likoloi li hola ho feta mebaraka e meng e mengata.
Ho feta 40% ea thekiso ea MCU e tsoa ho lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tsa likoloi, 'me thekiso ea likoloi tsa MCU e lebelletsoe ho hola ho CAGR ea 7.7% lilemong tse hlano tse tlang, ho feta li-MCU tsa sepheo se akaretsang (7.3%).
Hajoale, li-MCU tsa likoloi li na le 8-bit, 16-bit le 32-bit, 'me likarolo tse fapaneng tsa MCU li bapala mesebetsi e fapaneng.
Ka ho khetheha:
8-bit MCU e sebelisoa haholo-holo bakeng sa mesebetsi e batlang e le ea mantlha ea taolo, joalo ka taolo ea litulo, li-air conditioner, li-fan, lifensetere, le li-module tsa taolo ea mamati.
16-bit MCU e sebelisoa haholo bakeng sa 'mele o tlase, joalo ka enjene, brake ea elektroniki, sistimi e emisitsoeng le lisebelisoa tse ling tsa matla le phetisetso.
32-bit MCU e lumellana le bohlale ba likoloi mme e sebelisoa haholo bakeng sa maemo a holimo a bohlale le a bolokehileng a ts'ebeliso joalo ka boithabiso ba cockpit, ADAS, le taolo ea 'mele.
Mothating ona, li-MCU tsa 8-bit li ntse li hola ka ts'ebetso le bokhoni ba memori, 'me ka katleho ea tsona ea litšenyehelo, li ka nkela li-MCU tse ling tsa 16-bit lits'ebetsong hape li ts'oara morao le 4-bit MCUs.32-bit MCU e tla bapala karolo ea bohlokoa e ntseng e eketseha ea taolo ea hloahloa mohahong oohle oa likoloi oa E/E, o ka khonang ho laola likarolo tse 'nè tse hasaneng tse tlaase le tse bohareng ba ECU,' me palo ea tšebeliso e tla tsoela pele ho eketseha.
Boemo bo ka holimo bo etsa hore MCU ea 16-bit e be boemong bo batlang bo sa thabiseng, e seng holimo empa e le tlaase, empa maemong a mang a kopo, e ntse e le molemo, joalo ka lits'ebetso tse ling tsa bohlokoa tsa tsamaiso ea powertrain.
Bohlale ba likoloi bo ekelitse tlhokeho ea li-MCU tsa 32-bit, tse fetang kotara tse tharo tsa thekiso ea likoloi tsa MCU tse tsoang ho 32-bit MCUs ka 2021, e lebelletsoeng ho fihla ho $ 5.83 bilione;Li-MCU tsa 16-bit li tla hlahisa chelete e ka bang $1.34 bilione;mme 8-bit MCUs e tla hlahisa chelete e ka bang $441 milione, ho latela tlaleho ea McClean.
Boemong ba kopo, infotainment ke boemo ba ts'ebeliso e nang le keketseho e phahameng ka ho fetesisa ea selemo le selemo ea thekiso ea likoloi tsa MCU, ka kholo ea 59% ka 2021 ha e bapisoa le 2020, le kholo ea lekhetho ea 20% bakeng sa maemo a setseng.
Hona joale taolo eohle ea elektronike ea koloi ho sebelisa ECU (unit control unit), 'me MCU ke core control chip ECU, ECU e' ngoe le e 'ngoe e na le bonyane MCU e le' ngoe, kahoo mohato oa hona joale oa phetoho le ntlafatso ea motlakase o bohlale o ile oa etsa hore ho be le tlhokahalo. Tšebeliso ea koloi e le 'ngoe ea MCU e eketseha.
Ho ea ka lintlha tse tsoang Lefapheng la Lipatlisiso la Komiti ea Litsebi tsa Lipapatso tsa Likoloi tsa Setsi sa Khoebo sa Chaena, palo e tloaelehileng ea ECU e tsamaisoang ke likoloi tse tloaelehileng tsa mafura ke 70;palo ea li-ECU tse tsamaisoang ke likoloi tsa mafura tsa setso li ka fihla ho 150 ka lebaka la litlhoko tse phahameng tsa ts'ebetso bakeng sa litulo, taolo e bohareng le boithabiso, botsitso ba 'mele le polokeho;'me palo e tloaelehileng ea li-ECU tse tsamaisoang ke likoloi tse bohlale li ka fihla ho 300 ka lebaka la litlhoko tse ncha tsa software le hardware bakeng sa ho khanna ka boithaopo le ho thusa ho khanna, tse tsamaellanang le palo ea MCU e sebelisoang ke likoloi tse le mong e tla fihla ho feta 300.
Tlhokahalo e matla ea li-MCU ho tsoa ho baetsi ba likoloi e bonahala haholo ka 2021, ha ho na le khaello ea li-cores ka lebaka la seoa sena.Selemong seo, lik'hamphani tse ngata tsa likoloi li ile tsa tlameha ho koala melapo ea tlhahiso ka bokhutšoane ka lebaka la khaello ea li-cores, empa thekiso ea li-MCU tsa likoloi e nyolohetse ho 23% ho isa ho $ 7.6 billion, e leng rekoto e phahameng.
Boholo ba li-chips tsa likoloi li hlahisoa ka li-wafers tsa 8-inch, bahlahisi ba bang ba kang TI ho isa ho 12-inch line transfer, IDM e tla boela e be karolo ea setsi sa ho fana ka thepa, se laoloang ke MCU, hoo e ka bang 70% ea bokhoni ba TSMC. .Leha ho le joalo, khoebo ea likoloi ka boeona e ikarabella bakeng sa karolo e nyane ea TSMC, 'me TSMC e shebane le lefapha la mahlale a tsoetseng pele a lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tsa bareki, kahoo mmaraka oa likoloi oa MCU o haella haholo.
Khaello ea li-chips tsa likoloi tse etelletsoeng pele ke indasteri eohle ea semiconductor e boetse e kentse leqhubu la keketseho, litsi tse kholo le limela tsa IDM ho atolosa tlhahiso ka mafolofolo, empa sepheo se fapane.
Semela sa TSMC Kumamoto se lebelletsoe ho qala ts'ebetsong bofelong ba 2024, ntle le ts'ebetso ea 22/28nm, e tla fana ka lits'ebetso tsa 12 le 16nm, mme semela sa Nanjing se tla holisa tlhahiso ho isa ho 28nm, ka matla a tlhahiso ea khoeli le khoeli. likotoana tse 40 000;
SMIC e rera ho holisa tlhahiso ka bonyane 45,000 8-inch wafers le bonyane 10,000 12-inch wafers ka 2021, le ho aha mohala oa tlhahiso oa 12-inch o nang le bokhoni ba khoeli le khoeli ba liphaephe tse 120,000 Lingang, o shebane le 28nm le holimo ho node.
Huahong e lebeletse ho potlakisa katoloso ea matla a tlhahiso ea 12-inch ho likotoana tse 94,500 ka 2022;
Renesas e phatlalalitse karolo ea eona femeng ea Kumamoto ea TSMC ka sepheo sa ho holisa phepelo ea mesebetsi ea kantle ho naha, mme e ikemiselitse ho eketsa phepelo ea likoloi tsa MCU ka 50% ka 2023, ka matla a boemo bo holimo a MCU a lebelletsoeng ho eketseha ka 50% le matla a tlase a MCU ka 70%. bapisoa le bofelong ba 2021.
STMicroelectronics e tla tsetela $ 1.4 bilione ka 2022 bakeng sa katoloso, 'me e rera ho eketsa habeli matla a limela tsa eona tsa Europe ka 2025, haholo-holo ho eketsa bokhoni ba 12-inch, le bakeng sa bokhoni ba 8-inch, STMicroelectronics e tla khetha ho ntlafatsa lihlahisoa tse sa hlokeng 12-. theknoloji ea inch.
Texas Instruments e tla eketsa limela tse ncha tse 'nè, semela sa pele se lebelletsoe ho qala ho sebetsa ka 2025,' me limela tsa boraro le tsa bone li tla hahoa pakeng tsa 2026 le 2030;
ON Semiconductor e ekelitse matsete a eona a lichelete ho isa ho 12%, haholo bakeng sa katoloso ea matla a lisenthimithara tse 12.
Maikutlo a IC a na le data e khahlisang ea hore ASP ea li-MCU tsohle tsa 32-bit e theoha ho CAGR ea -4.4% selemo le selemo lipakeng tsa 2015 le 2020, empa e nyoloha ka 13% ho isa ho $0.72 ka 2021. E bonts'itsoe 'marakeng oa libaka. , ho feto-fetoha ha theko ea likoloi tsa MCU ho totobetse haholoanyane: NXP 32-bit MCU FS32K144HAT0MLH ka theko e emeng ea $22 e nyolohetse ho $550, mefuta e fetang makhetlo a 20, e neng e le e 'ngoe ea li-chips tsa likoloi tse neng li haella ka nako eo.
Infineon 32-bit automotive MCU SAK-TC277TP-64F200N DC e ne e nyolohetse ho li-yuan tse 4,500, keketseho ea makhetlo a ka bang 100, letoto le tšoanang la SAK-TC275T-64F200N DC le lona le nyolohetse ho feta li-yuan tse 2,000.
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tse neng li chesa qalong li ile tsa qala ho kokobela, tlhokahalo e fokolang, hammoho le ho potlakisa ho nkela sebaka ka lapeng, ho etsa hore litheko tsa MCU tsa bareki li theohe, mefuta e meng ea ST chip joalo ka F0/F1/F3. litheko tsa letoto li fihlile haufi le theko e tloaelehileng, esita le menyenyetsi ea 'maraka ea hore theko ea li-MCU tse ling e theohile ka theko ea setsi.
Leha ho le joalo, li-MCU tsa likoloi tse kang Renesas, NXP, Infineon, le ST li ntse li le boemong ba khaello e itseng.Ka mohlala, theko ea ST's high-performance 32-bit MCU STM32H743VIT6 e nyolohetse ho li-yuan tse 600 mafelong a selemo se fetileng, athe theko ea eona e ne e le li-yuan tse 48 feela lilemong tse peli tse fetileng.Keketseho e feta makhetlo a 10;Infineon Automotive MCU SAK-TC237LP-32F200N AC theko ea 'maraka ka October selemong se fetileng e ka bang $1200, December e fana ka $3800, esita le liwebsaeteng tsa batho ba boraro li fana ka chelete e fetang $5000.
03 Mmaraka o moholo, mme tlhahiso ea lapeng e nyane
Boemo ba tlholisano ba MCU bo laoloa ke linatla tsa mose ho maoatle joalo ka tikoloho eohle ea tlholisano ea semiconductor.Ka 2021, barekisi ba bahlano ba kaholimo ba MCU e ne e le NXP, Microchip, Renesas, ST le Infineon.Bahoebi bana ba bahlano ba MCU ba ne ba ikarabella bakeng sa 82.1% ea kakaretso ea thekiso ea lefats'e, ha e bapisoa le 72.2% ka 2016, ka boholo ba lik'hamphani tsa lihlooho tse ntseng li hōla lilemong tse lipakeng.
Ha ho bapisoa le MCU ea bareki le ea indasteri, moeli oa setifikeiti sa likoloi tsa MCU o holimo mme nako ea setifikeiti e telele, sistimi ea setifikeiti e kenyelletsa setifikeiti se tloaelehileng sa ISO26262, AEC-Q001~004 le setifikeiti se tloaelehileng sa IATF16949, AEC-Q100/Q104 maemo a eona a ISO26262 tšireletseho ea ts'ebetso ea likoloi e arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e mene ea ASIL-A ho ea ho D. Ka mohlala, chassis le maemo a mang a na le litlhoko tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa tsa polokeho 'me a hloka setifikeiti sa boemo ba ASIL-D, bahlahisi ba fokolang ba li-chip ba ka finyella maemo.
Ho latela lintlha tsa Ts'ebetso ea Leano, 'maraka oa lefats'e le oa lapeng oa likoloi oa MCU o lula haholo ke NXP, Renesas, Infineon, Texas Instruments, Microchip, ka karolo ea mmaraka ea 85%.Leha li-MCU tsa 32-bit li ntse li laoloa ke linatla tsa mose ho maoatle, lik'hamphani tse ling tsa lapeng li se li qalile.
04 Qetello
Tsoelo-pele e potlakileng ea likoloi tsa motlakase tse bohlale, ka hona, baetsi ba li-chips ba 'maloa ba ikopantseng, joalo ka Nvidia, Qualcomm, Intel ba bile ka har'a cockpit e bohlale, ts'ebetso e ikemetseng ea ho khanna, ba hatella sebaka sa pholoho sa bahlahisi ba khale ba li-chip tsa likoloi.Ntlafatso ea li-MCU tsa likoloi e tlohile ho tsepamisitse maikutlo ho itsoelang pele le ntlafatsong ea ts'ebetso ho ea tlholisanong e akaretsang ea ho fokotsa litšenyehelo ha ho ntse ho bolokoa melemo ea thekenoloji.
Ka meralo ea likoloi tsa E / E ho tloha ho ajoa ho ea taolong ea domain, 'me qetellong e lebisa ho kopanyo e bohareng, ho tla ba le lisebelisoa tse ngata tse sebetsang le tse bonolo tse tla nkeloa sebaka, ts'ebetso e phahameng, matla a phahameng a komporo le tse ling tse phahameng. li-chips e tla ba tsepamiso ea tlholisano ea li-chip tsa likoloi tsa nakong e tlang, kaha karolo ea mantlha ea taolo ea MCU ka phokotso ea palo ea ECU nakong e tlang e batla e le nyane, joalo ka Tesla chassis control ECU, e le 'ngoe e na le 3-4 MCU, empa mosebetsi o mong o bonolo. MCU ea mantlha e tla kopanngoa.Ka kakaretso, 'maraka oa li-MCU tsa likoloi le sebaka sa ho nkela sebaka sa lehae lilemong tse tlang ha ho pelaelo hore se seholo.
Nako ea poso: Feb-01-2023