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1.Li-circuits tse kopantsoeng tse entsoeng ka holim'a semiconductor chip li boetse li tsejoa e le li-circuits tse kopantsoeng ka filimi e tšesaane.Mofuta o mong oa potoloho e kopantsoeng ea filimi e teteaneng (potoloho e kopantsoeng ea lebasetere) ke potoloho e nyane e nang le lisebelisoa tsa semiconductor ka bomong le likarolo tse sa sebetseng tse kopantsoeng ka har'a substrate kapa boto ea potoloho.
Ho tloha ka 1949 ho ea ho 1957, litšoantšo li ile tsa ntlafatsoa ke Werner Jacobi, Jeffrey Dummer, Sidney Darlington, le Yasuo Tarui, empa potoloho ea sejoale-joale e kopaneng e ile ea qaptjoa ke Jack Kilby ka 1958.O ile a fuoa Khau ea Nobel ea Fisiks ka 2000 bakeng sa sena, empa Robert Noyce, ea ileng a theha potoloho ea sejoale-joale e kopaneng ea sejoale-joale, o ile a hlokahala ka 1990.
Ka mor'a ho qaptjoa le tlhahiso e kholo ea transistor, likarolo tse fapa-fapaneng tsa semiconductor tse tiileng tse kang diode le li-transistors li ile tsa sebelisoa ka bongata, ho nkela mosebetsi le karolo ea "vacuum tube" potolohong.Bohareng ba lekholo la bo20 la lilemo tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji ea tlhahiso ea semiconductor e ile ea etsa hore lipotoloho tse kopaneng li khonehe.Ho fapana le lipotoloho tsa lipotoloho tse sebelisang likaroloana tsa elektronike tse ikemetseng, lipotoloho tse kopaneng li lumelletse ho kopanngoa ha palo e kholo ea li-micro-transistors ho chip e nyane, e neng e le tsoelo-pele e kholo.Tlhahiso e kholo, ho ts'epahala, le mokhoa oa modular oa moralo oa potoloho oa lipotoloho tse kopaneng li netefalitse ho amoheloa ka potlako ha li-circuits tse kopaneng tse kopaneng ho fapana le ho rala ho sebelisa li-transistors tse sa bonahaleng.
2.Lipotoloho tse kopantsoeng li na le melemo e 'meli e meholo ho feta li-transistors tsa discrete: litšenyehelo le ts'ebetso.Theko e tlase ke hobane li-chips li hatisa likarolo tsohle e le yuniti ka photolithography, ho fapana le ho etsa transistor e le 'ngoe feela ka nako.Ts'ebetso e phahameng e bakoa ke likarolo tse fetohang ka potlako le ho ja matla a fokolang hobane likaroloana li nyenyane ebile li le haufi le tse ling.2006 e bone libaka tsa chip ho tloha ho limilimithara tse 'maloa ho isa ho 350 mm² le ho fihla ho li-transistors tse milione ka mm².
Potoloho e kopaneng ea mohlala e ile ea phethoa ke Jack Kilby ka 1958 mme e ne e e-na le bipolar transistor, li-resistors tse tharo le capacitor.
Ho itšetlehile ka palo ea lisebelisoa tsa microelectronic tse kopantsoeng ho chip, li-circuits tse kopantsoeng li ka aroloa ka lihlopha tse latelang.
Small Scale Integrated Circuits (SSI) e na le liheke tsa logic tse ka tlase ho 10 kapa 100 transistors.
Medium Scale Integration (MSI) e na le liheke tsa logic tse 11 ho isa ho tse 100 kapa 101 ho isa ho 1k transistors.
Large Scale Integration (LSI) 101 ho 1k logic gates kapa 1,001 ho 10k transistors.
Khokahano e kholo haholo (VLSI) 1,001 ~ 10k logic gates kapa 10,001 ~ 100k transistors.
Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) 10,001~1M liheke tsa logic kapa 100,001~10M transistors.
GLSI (Giga Scale Integration) 1,000,001 kapa ho feta liheke tsa logic kapa 10,000,001 kapa li-transistors ho feta.
3.Ntšetso-pele ea lipotoloho tse kopantsoeng
Li-circuits tse tsoetseng pele tse kopantsoeng li ka pelong ea li-microprocessors kapa li-multi-core processors tse ka laolang ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ho tloha ho lik'homphieutha ho ea ho liselefouno ho ea ho li-ovens tsa microwave tsa digital.Le hoja litšenyehelo tsa ho qapa le ho hlahisa potoloho e rarahaneng e kopantsoeng e phahame haholo, litšenyehelo ka potoloho e kopantsoeng li fokotsehile ha li hasana holim'a lihlahisoa tseo hangata li lekantsoeng ka limilione.Ts'ebetso ea li-IC e phahame hobane boholo bo bonyenyane bo fella ka litsela tse khutšoane, tse lumellang li-circuits tse nang le matla a tlaase hore li sebelisoe ka lebelo la ho fetoha ka potlako.
Ha lilemo li ntse li feta, ke 'nile ka tsoela pele ho ea ho lintlha tse nyenyane, ho lumella lipotoloho tse ngata hore li kenngoe ka chip.Sena se eketsa bokhoni ba yuniti ka 'ngoe, ho lumella litšenyehelo tse tlase le ts'ebetso e eketsehileng, bona Molao oa Moore, moo palo ea li-transistors ho IC e imenang habeli lilemo tse ling le tse ling tse 1.5.Ka kakaretso, hoo e batlang e le metrics eohle e ntlafala ha lintlha tsa sebopeho li fokotseha, litšenyehelo tsa yuniti le tšebeliso ea matla e theoha, 'me lebelo le eketseha.Leha ho le joalo, ho boetse ho na le mathata ka li-IC tse kopanyang lisebelisoa tsa nanoscale, haholo-holo maqhubu a lutlang.Ka lebaka leo, ho eketseha ha lebelo le ho sebelisoa ha matla ho bonahala haholo bakeng sa mosebedisi oa ho qetela, 'me bahlahisi ba tobane le phephetso e matla ea ho sebelisa geometry e ntle.Ts'ebetso ena le tsoelo-pele e lebelletsoeng lilemong tse tlang li hlalositsoe hantle ho 'mapa oa litsela oa machaba oa theknoloji bakeng sa li-semiconductors.
Lilemo tse mashome a mahlano feela ka mor'a tsoelo-pele ea bona, lipotoloho tse kopantsoeng li ile tsa fetoha hohle 'me lik'homphieutha, liselefouno le lisebelisoa tse ling tsa digital li ile tsa fetoha karolo ea bohlokoa ea lesela la sechaba.Lebaka ke hobane litsamaiso tsa sejoale-joale tsa komporo, puisano, tlhahiso le lipalangoang, ho kopanyelletsa le Internet, kaofela li itšetlehile ka boteng ba lipotoloho tse kopanetsoeng.Litsebi tse ngata li bile li nka phetoho ea digital e tlisitsoeng ke IC e le ketsahalo ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa historing ea batho, le hore ho hōla ha IC ho tla lebisa tsoelo-pele e kholo ea thekenoloji, ka bobeli mabapi le mekhoa ea moralo le katleho ea mekhoa ea semiconductor. , tseo ka bobeli li amanang haholo.